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The rate description of charge-transfer reactions at an electrode interface, relating current to potential, activities, surface state, temperature, and transport under a specified reaction and kinetic model.
wp-chem-electrochemistryopenstax-chemistry-2eiupac-gold-bookmit-ocw-butler-volmerEach relation below ends at this concept.
This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
An electrode interface has charge-transfer kinetics only for a specified redox couple, electrolyte, potential reference, surface state, and transport condition; the electrode material alone does not determine a universal rate.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
wp-chem-electrochemistryopenstax-chemistry-2eiupac-gold-bookmit-ocw-butler-volmerEach relation below starts at this concept.
This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The Butler–Volmer equation realizes a common activation-controlled electrode-kinetics model; it must be qualified or extended when mass transport, ohmic loss, adsorption, film growth, multiple steps, or nonideal interfaces dominate.
The target is a model, idealization, restricted ansatz, approximation scheme, phenomenological fit, or historical representation used for the source system or theory. It need not have a universal small error parameter and is not thereby a controlled limit or effective theory. The edge label and detail must identify the precise status.
wp-chem-electrochemistryopenstax-chemistry-2eiupac-gold-bookmit-ocw-butler-volmerThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Cyclic-voltammetric peak positions, separation, shape, and scan-rate dependence can test an electrode-kinetics model only together with a model for diffusion, uncompensated resistance, capacitance, electrode area, and coupled chemical reactions.
The source theory, law, entity, prediction, or structural claim is directly tested, supported, constrained, or established by the target experiment or observation. Experimental support is not final logical proof; the edge detail states exactly what was measured.
wp-chem-electrochemistryopenstax-chemistry-2eiupac-gold-bookmit-ocw-butler-volmer