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The relativistic quantum field theory of the electromagnetic interaction between electrically charged fields and the photon field.
QED is the electromagnetic sector of the broken electroweak theory and is extraordinarily well tested.
wp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicstong-qftnobel-qedEach relation below ends at this concept.
This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The fine-structure constant is the low-energy dimensionless coupling controlling QED perturbation theory.
The source supplies a substantive formal ingredient, dynamical sector, law, field content, or mechanism of the target theoretical framework.
wp-physics-fine_structure_constantnist-codatapdg-rppwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicstong-qftnobel-qedThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
QED is an Abelian gauge field theory of electromagnetic interactions.
A more specific theory, model, entity class, or regime is obtained by restricting or extending the scope of a broader framework.
cern-qft-introwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicswp-physics-gauge_field_theorynlab-physics-gauge_field_theoryThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The photon coupling to the conserved electric current of charged fermion fields is the basic QED interaction term.
The source supplies a substantive formal ingredient, dynamical sector, law, field content, or mechanism of the target theoretical framework.
wp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicstong-qftnobel-qedThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The photon field is the gauge-field component of QED.
The source supplies a substantive formal ingredient, dynamical sector, law, field content, or mechanism of the target theoretical framework.
wp-physics-electromagnetic_fieldwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsEach relation below starts at this concept.
This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Atomic Hamiltonians are low-energy bound-state descriptions matched to QED, with nuclear structure and weak/gravitational effects added when relevant.
The target retains the degrees of freedom and interactions relevant below a stated scale or within a stated regime, while higher-energy or unresolved degrees of freedom from the source are integrated out, coarse-grained, or encoded in effective couplings.
wp-physics-atomic_hamiltoniannlab-physics-hamiltonianwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Atomic QED computes radiative corrections in expansions adapted to bound states, with nonperturbative-in- methods for high .
The target is recovered from the source either in a stated mathematical or asymptotic limit, or through a quantitatively controlled approximation with identified small parameters or omitted terms. The edge label and detail must state which case applies and its regime of validity.
wp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnist-hydrogennlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The Breit operator is a leading low-frequency, one-transverse-photon relativistic correction to instantaneous Coulomb interaction, not the full QED interaction.
The target is recovered from the source either in a stated mathematical or asymptotic limit, or through a quantitatively controlled approximation with identified small parameters or omitted terms. The edge label and detail must state which case applies and its regime of validity.
wp-physics-breit_interactionnist-atomic-spectroscopyThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Measured forces agree with QED calculations after geometry, conductivity, temperature, roughness, and electrostatic backgrounds are modeled.
The source theory, law, entity, prediction, or structural claim is directly tested, supported, constrained, or established by the target experiment or observation. Experimental support is not final logical proof; the edge detail states exactly what was measured.
wp-physics-casimir_force_measurementscasimir-lamoreauxThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Maxwell electrodynamics is recovered for suitable coherent states, weak quantum fluctuations, and classical sources; radiative quantum corrections are neglected.
The target is recovered from the source either in a stated mathematical or asymptotic limit, or through a quantitatively controlled approximation with identified small parameters or omitted terms. The edge label and detail must state which case applies and its regime of validity.
wp-physics-classical_electromagnetismnlab-physics-classical_electromagnetismwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The Coulomb potential is the leading low-energy static interaction obtained from QED between charged sources.
The target retains the degrees of freedom and interactions relevant below a stated scale or within a stated regime, while higher-energy or unresolved degrees of freedom from the source are integrated out, coarse-grained, or encoded in effective couplings.
wp-physics-coulomb_potentialtong-emwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian is an effective bound-state reduction of QED and is not the full field theory.
The target retains the degrees of freedom and interactions relevant below a stated scale or within a stated regime, while higher-energy or unresolved degrees of freedom from the source are integrated out, coarse-grained, or encoded in effective couplings.
wp-physics-relativistic_atomic_structurenist-atomic-spectroscopywp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
QED describes electromagnetic interactions of charged quantum fields and photons.
A theory, law, or interaction describes the behavior of the target within a stated regime. The edge detail must state important limits or qualifications.
cern-qft-introcern-standard-modelwp-physics-electromagnetic_interactiontong-emwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
QED describes electron and positron fields interacting with the electromagnetic field.
A theory, law, or interaction describes the behavior of the target within a stated regime. The edge detail must state important limits or qualifications.
cern-qft-introwp-physics-electronnlab-physics-electronwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The measured anomaly agrees with perturbative QED at extraordinary precision when an independent fine-structure constant is used.
The source theory, law, entity, prediction, or structural claim is directly tested, supported, constrained, or established by the target experiment or observation. Experimental support is not final logical proof; the edge detail states exactly what was measured.
wp-physics-electron_g_minus_2_measurementsnist-codata-2022This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Renormalized QED quantitatively accounts for the shift through self-energy, vacuum-polarization, recoil, and related corrections.
The source theory, law, entity, prediction, or structural claim is directly tested, supported, constrained, or established by the target experiment or observation. Experimental support is not final logical proof; the edge detail states exactly what was measured.
wp-physics-lamb_shiftnobel-lambnist-qed-testsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
QED for the light charged fields is a renormalizable gauge-sector component of LEFT.
The source supplies a substantive formal ingredient, dynamical sector, law, field content, or mechanism of the target theoretical framework.
jhep-lefttong-qftThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
NRQED integrates out relativistic modes and expands in , momentum over mass, and .
The target retains the degrees of freedom and interactions relevant below a stated scale or within a stated regime, while higher-energy or unresolved degrees of freedom from the source are integrated out, coarse-grained, or encoded in effective couplings.
wp-physics-nonrelativistic_qedburgess-eftwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The photon is the gauge quantum of QED.
A theory, law, or interaction describes the behavior of the target within a stated regime. The edge detail must state important limits or qualifications.
cern-qft-introwp-physics-photonnlab-physics-photonwp-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsnlab-physics-quantum_electrodynamicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
QED is the unbroken electromagnetic gauge sector obtained from the Standard Model after electroweak symmetry breaking and field mixing.
The source supplies a substantive formal ingredient, dynamical sector, law, field content, or mechanism of the target theoretical framework.
tong-standard-modelpdg-standard-modelThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
In QED, the Ward–Takahashi identity relates the electromagnetic vertex function to differences of inverse fermion propagators and enforces charge-renormalization constraints.
Record a genuine theorem implication that is not part of the target definition; these edges may point toward a weaker structure.
tong-qft