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An electrically neutral system consisting of a nucleus and bound electrons, identified chemically by the proton number of its nucleus.
wp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomiupac-atomnist-atomic-spectroscopyEach relation below ends at this concept.
This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
An atomic Hamiltonian describes the internal dynamics and energy spectrum of an atom within its stated effective and approximation regime.
A theory, law, or interaction describes the behavior of the target within a stated regime. The edge detail must state important limits or qualifications.
wp-physics-atomic_hamiltoniannlab-physics-hamiltonianwp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
An atom contains one nucleus carrying almost all its mass and all positive charge.
The source is a material constituent, structural component, or underlying quantum field whose excitation realizes the target physical system or particle. The edge label and detail must distinguish composition from field excitation; neither implies a simple classical sum of parts.
wp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomwp-physics-atomic_nucleusnlab-physics-atomic_nucleusThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
A neutral atom is an atomic representative of an element when its nucleus has the element’s proton number.
The target is a member or subtype of the broader source class.
wp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomwp-physics-chemical_elementiupac-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Atoms distinguished by element, isotope, electronic state, and charge where relevant are chemical species.
The target is a member or subtype of the broader source class.
wp-chem-stoichiometryopenstax-chemistry-2eiupac-gold-bookThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Electromagnetic attraction binds electrons to the nucleus, while electron repulsion and fermionic statistics shape many-electron structure.
The source field, particle, charge, current, or interaction couples to, acts on, binds, forms, or stabilizes the target in the stated regime. The edge label and detail must identify the exact coupling, interaction, or binding claim and its qualifications.
wp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomwp-physics-electromagnetic_interactionnist-atomic-spectroscopyThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Electromagnetic attraction between electrons and nuclei binds atoms; quantum mechanics determines stable states and spectra.
The source field, particle, charge, current, or interaction couples to, acts on, binds, forms, or stabilizes the target in the stated regime. The edge label and detail must identify the exact coupling, interaction, or binding claim and its qualifications.
nist-atomic-spectranist-atomic-wavefunctionswp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomwp-physics-electromagnetic_interactionThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
A neutral atom contains electrons bound to a nucleus of charge .
The source is a material constituent, structural component, or underlying quantum field whose excitation realizes the target physical system or particle. The edge label and detail must distinguish composition from field excitation; neither implies a simple classical sum of parts.
wp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomwp-physics-electronnlab-physics-electronThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Electron–nucleus attraction is the principal binding interaction of an atom.
The source field, particle, charge, current, or interaction couples to, acts on, binds, forms, or stabilizes the target in the stated regime. The edge label and detail must identify the exact coupling, interaction, or binding claim and its qualifications.
wp-physics-electron_nucleus_coulomb_interactionnist-atomic-spectroscopytong-quantumwp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomiupac-atomEach relation below starts at this concept.
This is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Atoms possess discrete bound-state energy levels and continua, measured through spectroscopic transitions.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
nist-atomic-spectraiupac-energy-levelwp-physics-atomic_energy_levelwp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The atom has a spectrum of bound, resonant, and continuum states.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
wp-physics-atomic_term_symbolnist-asd-levelswp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
An atom’s electronic binding energy is defined relative to a specified ionization or dissociation threshold.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
einstein-binding-energynist-atomic-spectroscopyThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
A crystal is composed of atoms, ions, or molecular units arranged with long-range translational order. The constituent identity alone does not determine the lattice, bonding, defects, or phase.
The source is a material constituent, structural component, or underlying quantum field whose excitation realizes the target physical system or particle. The edge label and detail must distinguish composition from field excitation; neither implies a simple classical sum of parts.
wp-physics-atomwp-physics-crystal-structuretong-solid-state-physicsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Atoms possess excited bound, metastable, resonant, and continuum states above the ground state.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
nist-atomic-statesnist-asd-levelsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Each stable atomic species and charge state has a lowest-energy state within the chosen Hamiltonian and sector.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
nist-atomic-statesnist-asd-levelsThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Removing electrons from, or attaching electrons to, an atom produces an atomic ion.
A physical process transforms the source into, or produces, the target under the conditions stated in the edge detail.
iupac-ionizationiupac-atomwp-physics-ioniupac-ionwp-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
A neutral atom has a first ionization energy defined by the minimum ground-state electron-removal channel.
The target represents a state, property, observable, or state-dependent description associated with the source system or theory.
wp-physics-ionization_energynist-ionization-energyThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Ionization removes a bound electron when sufficient energy or field strength is supplied.
A physical process transforms the source into, or produces, the target under the conditions stated in the edge detail.
wp-physics-ionization_processiupac-ionizationwp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Most neutral atoms have several interacting electrons.
The target is a member or subtype of the broader source class.
wp-physics-atomic_hamiltoniannist-atomic-spectroscopywp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Molecules are not classical sums of pre-existing intact atoms; their nuclei and electrons form a joint quantum bound state conventionally described by atomic composition.
The source is a material constituent, structural component, or underlying quantum field whose excitation realizes the target physical system or particle. The edge label and detail must distinguish composition from field excitation; neither implies a simple classical sum of parts.
wp-physics-moleculeiupac-moleculewp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
A nuclide is a species of atom characterized by proton number, neutron number, and, when relevant, nuclear energy state.
The target is a member or subtype of the broader source class.
wp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atomiupac-atomnist-atomic-spectroscopywp-physics-nuclideiupac-nuclideiaea-livechartThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
Agreement among Brownian-motion measurements of molecular scales and Avogadro’s number provided strong evidence that atoms and molecules are physical constituents rather than merely calculational devices.
The source theory, law, entity, prediction, or structural claim is directly tested, supported, constrained, or established by the target experiment or observation. Experimental support is not final logical proof; the edge detail states exactly what was measured.
wp-physics-perrin_brownian_motion_experimentsnobel-perrinThis is an authored directed relation from the source endpoint to the target endpoint.
The Rutherford model captures the concentration of positive charge in a nucleus but fails as a stable classical atom.
The target is a model, idealization, restricted ansatz, approximation scheme, phenomenological fit, or historical representation used for the source system or theory. It need not have a universal small error parameter and is not thereby a controlled limit or effective theory. The edge label and detail must identify the precise status.
wp-physics-rutherford_modelnist-atomic-spectroscopywp-physics-atomnlab-physics-atom